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Copyright © 1999–2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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     Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts
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     modify this GNU manual.”
INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs editing modes
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Ada mode: (ada-mode).         Emacs mode for editing and compiling Ada code.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Overview,  Up: (dir)

Ada Mode
********

Copyright © 1999–2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts
     being “A GNU Manual”, and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
     below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
     “GNU Free Documentation License”.

     (a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and
     modify this GNU manual.”

* Menu:

* Overview::
* Installation::                Installing Ada mode on your system
* Customization::               Setting up Ada mode to your taste
* Compiling Executing::         Working with your application within Emacs
* Project files::               Describing the organization of your project
* Compiling Examples::          A small tutorial
* Moving Through Ada Code::     Moving easily through Ada sources
* Identifier completion::       Finishing words automatically
* Automatic Smart Indentation::  Indenting your code automatically as you type
* Formatting Parameter Lists::  Formatting subprograms’ parameter lists
                                     automatically
* Automatic Casing::            Adjusting the case of words automatically
* Statement Templates::         Inserting code templates
* Comment Handling::            Reformatting comments easily
* GNU Free Documentation License::  The license for this documentation.
* Index::


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Overview,  Next: Installation,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

1 Overview
**********

The Emacs mode for programming in Ada helps the user in understanding
existing code and facilitates writing new code.

   When the GNU Ada compiler GNAT is used, the cross-reference
information output by the compiler is used to provide powerful code
navigation (jump to definition, find all uses, etc.).

   When you open a file with a file extension of ‘.ads’ or ‘.adb’, Emacs
will automatically load and activate Ada mode.

   Ada mode works without any customization, if you are using the GNAT
compiler (<https://libre2.adacore.com/>) and the GNAT default naming
convention.

   You must customize a few things if you are using a different compiler
or file naming convention; *Note Other compiler::, *Note Non-standard
file names::.

   In addition, you may want to customize the indentation,
capitalization, and other things; *Note Other customization::.

   Finally, for large Ada projects, you will want to set up an Emacs Ada
mode project file for each project; *Note Project files::.  Note that
these are different from the GNAT project files used by gnatmake and
other GNAT commands.

   See the Emacs info manual, section ’Running Debuggers Under Emacs’,
for general information on debugging.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Installation,  Next: Customization,  Prev: Overview,  Up: Top

2 Installation
**************

Ada mode is part of the standard Emacs distribution; if you use that, no
files need to be installed.

   Ada mode is also available as a separate distribution, from the Emacs
Ada mode website
<http://stephe-leake.org/emacs/ada-mode/emacs-ada-mode.html>.  The
separate distribution may be more recent.

   For installing the separate distribution, see the ‘README’ file in
the distribution.

   To see what version of Ada mode you have installed, do ‘M-x
ada-mode-version’.

   The following files are provided with the Ada mode distribution:

   • ‘ada-mode.el’: The main file for Ada mode, providing indentation,
     formatting of parameter lists, moving through code, comment
     handling and automatic casing.

   • ‘ada-prj.el’: GUI editing of Ada mode project files, using Emacs
     widgets.

   • ‘ada-stmt.el’: Ada statement templates.

   • ‘ada-xref.el’: GNAT cross-references, completion of identifiers,
     and compilation.  Also provides project files (which are not
     GNAT-specific).


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Customization,  Next: Compiling Executing,  Prev: Installation,  Up: Top

3 Customizing Ada mode
**********************

Here we assume you are familiar with setting variables in Emacs, either
thru ’customize’ or in elisp (in your ‘.emacs’ file).  For a basic
introduction to customize, elisp, and Emacs in general, see the tutorial
in *note The GNU Emacs Manual: (emacs)Top.

   These global Emacs settings are strongly recommended (put them in
your .emacs):

     (global-font-lock-mode t)
     (transient-mark-mode t)

   ‘(global-font-lock-mode t)’ turns on syntax highlighting for all
buffers (it is off by default because it may be too slow for some
machines).

   ‘(transient-mark-mode t)’ highlights selected text.

   See the Emacs help for each of these variables for more information.

* Menu:

* Non-standard file names::
* Other compiler::
* Other customization::


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Non-standard file names,  Next: Other compiler,  Up: Customization

3.1 Non-standard file names
===========================

By default, Ada mode is configured to use the GNAT file naming
convention, where file names are a simple modification of the Ada names,
and the extension for specs and bodies are ‘.ads’ and ‘.adb’,
respectively.

   Ada mode uses the file extensions to allow moving from a package body
to the corresponding spec and back.

   Ada mode supports a list of alternative file extensions for specs and
bodies.

   For instance, if your spec and bodies files are called ‘UNIT_s.ada’
and ‘UNIT_b.ada’, respectively, you can add the following to your
‘.emacs’ file:

     (ada-add-extensions "_s.ada" "_b.ada")

   You can define additional extensions:

     (ada-add-extensions ".ads" "_b.ada")
     (ada-add-extensions ".ads" ".body")

   This means that whenever Ada mode looks for the body for a file whose
extension is ‘.ads’, it will take the first available file that ends
with either ‘.adb’, ‘_b.ada’ or ‘.body’.

   Similarly, if Ada mode is looking for a spec, it will look for ‘.ads’
or ‘_s.ada’.

   If the filename is not derived from the Ada name following the GNAT
convention, things are a little more complicated.  You then need to
rewrite the function ‘ada-make-filename-from-adaname’.  Doing that is
beyond the scope of this manual; see the current definitions in
‘ada-mode.el’ and ‘ada-xref.el’ for examples.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Other compiler,  Next: Other customization,  Prev: Non-standard file names,  Up: Customization

3.2 Other compiler
==================

By default, Ada mode is configured to use the GNU Ada compiler GNAT.

   To use a different Ada compiler, you must specify the command lines
used to run that compiler, either in lisp variables or in Emacs Ada mode
project files.  See *note Project file variables:: for the list of
project variables, and the corresponding lisp variables.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Other customization,  Prev: Other compiler,  Up: Customization

3.3 Other customization
=======================

All user-settable Ada mode variables can be set via the menu ‘Ada |
Customize’.  Click on the ‘Help’ button there for help on using
customize.

   To modify a specific variable, you can directly call the function
‘customize-variable’; just type ‘M-x customize-variable <RET>
VARIABLE-NAME <RET>’).

   Alternately, you can specify variable settings in the Emacs
configuration file, ‘.emacs’.  This file is coded in Emacs lisp, and the
syntax to set a variable is the following:
     (setq variable-name value)


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Compiling Executing,  Next: Project files,  Prev: Customization,  Up: Top

4 Compiling Executing
*********************

Ada projects can be compiled, linked, and executed using commands on the
Ada menu.  All of these commands can be customized via a project file
(*note Project files::), but the defaults are sufficient for using the
GNAT compiler for simple projects (single files, or several files in a
single directory).

   Even when no project file is used, the GUI project editor (menu ‘Ada
| Project | Edit’) shows the settings of the various project file
variables referenced here.

* Menu:

* Compile commands::
* Compiler errors::


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Compile commands,  Next: Compiler errors,  Up: Compiling Executing

4.1 Compile commands
====================

Here are the commands for building and using an Ada project, as listed
in the Ada menu.

   In multi-file projects, there must be one file that is the main
program.  That is given by the ‘main’ project file variable; it defaults
to the current file if not yet set, but is also set by the “set main and
build” command.

‘Check file’
     Compiles the current file in syntax check mode, by running
     ‘check_cmd’ defined in the current project file.  This typically
     runs faster than full compile mode, speeding up finding and fixing
     compilation errors.

     This sets ‘main’ only if it has not been set yet.

‘Compile file’
     Compiles the current file, by running ‘comp_cmd’ from the current
     project file.

     This does not set ‘main’.

‘Set main and Build’
     Sets ‘main’ to the current file, then executes the Build command.

‘Show main’
     Display ‘main’ in the message buffer.

‘Build’
     Compiles all obsolete units of the current ‘main’, and links
     ‘main’, by running ‘make_cmd’ from the current project.

     This sets ‘main’ only if it has not been set yet.

‘Run’
     Executes the main program in a shell, displayed in a separate Emacs
     buffer.  This runs ‘run_cmd’ from the current project.  The
     execution buffer allows for interactive input/output.

     To modify the run command, in particular to provide or change the
     command line arguments, type ‘C-u’ before invoking the command.

     This command is not available for a cross-compilation toolchain.

   It is important when using these commands to understand how ‘main’ is
used and changed.

   Build runs ’gnatmake’ on the main unit.  During a typical
edit/compile session, this is the only command you need to invoke, which
is why it is bound to ‘C-c C-c’.  It will compile all files needed by
the main unit, and display compilation errors in any of them.

   Note that Build can be invoked from any Ada buffer; typically you
will be fixing errors in files other than the main, but you don’t have
to switch back to the main to invoke the compiler again.

   Novices and students typically work on single-file Ada projects.  In
this case, ‘C-c C-m’ will normally be the only command needed; it will
build the current file, rather than the last-built main.

   There are three ways to change ‘main’:

  1. Invoke ‘Ada | Set main and Build’, which sets ‘main’ to the current
     file.

  2. Invoke ‘Ada | Project | Edit’, edit ‘main’ and ‘main’, and click
     ‘[save]’

  3. Invoke ‘Ada | Project | Load’, and load a project file that
     specifies ‘main’


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Compiler errors,  Prev: Compile commands,  Up: Compiling Executing

4.2 Compiler errors
===================

The ‘Check file’, ‘Compile file’, and ‘Build’ commands all place
compilation errors in a separate buffer named ‘*compilation*’.

   Each line in this buffer will become active: you can simply click on
it with the middle button of the mouse, or move point to it and press
<RET>.  Emacs will then display the relevant source file and put point
on the line and column where the error was found.

   You can also press the ‘C-x `’ key (‘next-error’), and Emacs will
jump to the first error.  If you press that key again, it will move you
to the second error, and so on.

   Some error messages might also include references to other files.
These references are also clickable in the same way, or put point after
the line number and press <RET>.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Project files,  Next: Compiling Examples,  Prev: Compiling Executing,  Up: Top

5 Project files
***************

An Emacs Ada mode project file specifies what directories hold sources
for your project, and allows you to customize the compilation commands
and other things on a per-project basis.

   Note that Ada mode project files ‘*.adp’ are different than GNAT
compiler project files ‘*.gpr’.  However, Emacs Ada mode can use a GNAT
project file to specify the project directories.  If no other
customization is needed, a GNAT project file can be used without an
Emacs Ada mode project file.

* Menu:

* Project File Overview::
* GUI Editor::
* Project file variables::


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Project File Overview,  Next: GUI Editor,  Up: Project files

5.1 Project File Overview
=========================

Project files have a simple syntax; they may be edited directly.  Each
line specifies a project variable name and its value, separated by “=”:
     src_dir=/Projects/my_project/src_1
     src_dir=/Projects/my_project/src_2

   Some variables (like ‘src_dir’) are lists; multiple occurrences are
concatenated.

   There must be no space between the variable name and “=”, and no
trailing spaces.

   Alternately, a GUI editor for project files is available (*note GUI
Editor::).  It uses Emacs widgets, similar to Emacs customize.

   The GUI editor also provides a convenient way to view current project
settings, if they have been modified using menu commands rather than by
editing the project file.

   After the first Ada mode build command is invoked, there is always a
current project file, given by the lisp variable
‘ada-prj-default-project-file’.  Currently, the only way to show the
current project file is to invoke the GUI editor.

   To find the project file the first time, Ada mode uses the following
search algorithm:

   • If ‘ada-prj-default-project-file’ is set, use that.

   • Otherwise, search for a file in the current directory with the same
     base name as the Ada file, but extension given by
     ‘ada-prj-file-extension’ (default ‘".adp"’).

   • If not found, search for ‘*.adp’ in the current directory; if
     several are found, prompt the user to select one.

   • If none are found, use ‘default.adp’ in the current directory (even
     if it does not exist).

   This algorithm always sets ‘ada-prj-default-project-file’, even when
the file does not actually exist.

   To change the project file before or after the first one is found,
invoke ‘Ada | Project | Load ...’.

   Or, in lisp, evaluate ‘(ada-set-default-project-file
"/path/file.adp")’.  This sets ‘ada-prj-default-project-file’, and reads
the project file.

   You can also specify a GNAT project file to ‘Ada | Project | Load
...’ or ‘ada-set-default-project-file’.  Emacs Ada mode checks the file
extension; if it is ‘.gpr’, the file is treated as a GNAT project file.
Any other extension is treated as an Emacs Ada mode project file.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: GUI Editor,  Next: Project file variables,  Prev: Project File Overview,  Up: Project files

5.2 GUI Editor
==============

The project file editor is invoked with the menu ‘Ada | Projects |
Edit’.

   Once in the buffer for editing the project file, you can save your
modification using the ‘[save]’ button at the bottom of the buffer, or
the ‘C-x C-s’ binding.  To cancel your modifications, kill the buffer or
click on the ‘[cancel]’ button.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Project file variables,  Prev: GUI Editor,  Up: Project files

5.3 Project file variables
==========================

The following variables can be defined in a project file; some can also
be defined in lisp variables.

   To set a project variable that is a list, specify each element of the
list on a separate line in the project file.

   Any project variable can be referenced in other project variables,
using a shell-like notation.  For instance, if the variable ‘comp_cmd’
contains ‘${comp_opt}’, the value of the ‘comp_opt’ variable will be
substituted when ‘comp_cmd’ is used.

   In addition, process environment variables can be referenced using
the same syntax, or the normal ‘$var’ syntax.

   Most project variables have defaults that can be changed by setting
lisp variables; the table below identifies the lisp variable for each
project variable.  Lisp variables corresponding to project variables
that are lists are lisp lists.

   In general, project variables are evaluated when referenced in Emacs
Ada mode commands.  Relative file paths are expanded to absolute
relative to ‘${build_dir}’.

   Here is the list of variables.  In the default values, the current
directory ‘"."’ is the project file directory.

‘ada_project_path_sep’ [default: ‘":" or ";"’]
     Path separator for ‘ADA_PROJECT_PATH’.  It defaults to the correct
     value for a native implementation of GNAT for the current operating
     system.  The user must override this when using Windows native GNAT
     with Cygwin Emacs, and perhaps in other cases.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-ada-project-path-sep’.

‘ada_project_path’ [default: ‘""’]
     A list of directories to search for GNAT project files.

     If set, the ‘ADA_PROJECT_PATH’ process environment variable is set
     to this value in the Emacs process when the Emacs Ada mode project
     is selected via menu ‘Ada | Project | Load’.

     For ‘ada_project_path’, relative file paths are expanded to
     absolute when the Emacs Ada project file is read, rather than when
     the project file is selected.

     For example if the project file is in the directory
     ‘/home/myproject’, the environment variable ‘GDS_ROOT’ is set to
     ‘/home/shared’, and the project file contains:
          ada_project_path_sep=:
          ada_project_path=$GDS_ROOT/makerules
          ada_project_path=../opentoken
     then as a result the environment variable ‘ADA_PROJECT_PATH’ will
     be set to ‘"/home/shared/makerules:/home/opentoken/"’.

     The default value is not the current value of this environment
     variable, because that will typically have been set by another
     project, and will therefore be incorrect for this project.

     If you have the environment variable set correctly for all of your
     projects, you do not need to set this project variable.

‘bind_opt’ [default: ‘""’]
     Holds user binder options; used in the default build commands.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-default-bind-opt’.

‘build_dir’ [default: ‘"."’]
     The compile commands will be issued in this directory.

‘casing’ [default: ‘("~/.emacs_case_exceptions")’]
     List of files containing casing exceptions.  See the help on
     ‘ada-case-exception-file’ for more info.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-case-exception-file’.

‘check_cmd’ [default: ‘"${cross_prefix}gnatmake -u -c -gnatc ${gnatmake_opt} ${full_current} -cargs ${comp_opt}"’]
     Command used to syntax check a single file.  The name of the file
     is substituted for ‘full_current’.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-default-check-cmd’

‘comp_cmd’ [default: ‘"${cross_prefix}gnatmake -u -c ${gnatmake_opt} ${full_current} -cargs ${comp_opt}"’]
     Command used to compile a single file.  The name of the file is
     substituted for ‘full_current’.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-default-comp-cmd’.

‘comp_opt’ [default: ‘"-gnatq -gnatQ"’]
     Holds user compiler options; used in the default compile commands.
     The default value tells gnatmake to generate library files for
     cross-referencing even when there are errors.

     If source code for the project is in multiple directories, the
     appropriate compiler options must be added here.  *note Set source
     search path:: for examples of this.  Alternately, GNAT project
     files may be used; *note Use GNAT project file::.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-default-comp-opt’.

‘cross_prefix’ [default: ‘""’]
     Name of target machine in a cross-compilation environment.  Used in
     default compile and build commands.

‘debug_cmd’ [default: ‘"${cross_prefix}gdb ${main}"’]
     Command used to debug the application

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-default-debugger’.

‘debug_post_cmd’ [default: ‘""’]
     Command executed after ‘debug_cmd’.

‘debug_pre_cmd’ [default: ‘"cd ${build_dir}"’]
     Command executed before ‘debug_cmd’.

‘gnatfind_opt’ [default: ‘"-rf"’]
     Holds user gnatfind options; used in the default find commands.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-gnatfind-switches’.

‘gnatmake_opt’ [default: ‘"-g"’]
     Holds user gnatmake options; used in the default build commands.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-default-gnatmake-opt’.

‘gpr_file’ [default: ‘""’]
     Specify GNAT project file.

     If set, the source and object directories specified in the GNAT
     project file are appended to ‘src_dir’ and ‘obj_dir’.  This allows
     specifying Ada source directories with a GNAT project file, and
     other source directories with the Emacs project file.

     In addition, ‘-P{gpr_file}’ is added to the project variable
     ‘gnatmake_opt’ whenever it is referenced.  With the default project
     variables, this passes the project file to all gnatmake commands.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-default-gpr-file’.

‘link_opt’ [default: ‘""’]
     Holds user linker options; used in the default build commands.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-default-link-opt’.

‘main’ [default: current file]
     Specifies the name of the executable file for the project; used in
     the default build commands.

‘make_cmd’ [default: ‘"${cross_prefix}gnatmake -o ${main} ${main} ${gnatmake_opt} -cargs ${comp_opt} -bargs ${bind_opt} -largs ${link_opt}"’]
     Command used to build the application.

     Lisp variable: ‘ada-prj-default-make-cmd’.

‘obj_dir’ [default: ‘"."’]
     A list of directories to search for library files.  Ada mode
     searches this list for the ‘.ali’ files generated by GNAT that
     contain cross-reference information.

     The compiler commands must place the ‘.ali’ files in one of these
     directories; the default commands do that.

‘remote_machine’ [default: ‘""’]
     Name of the machine to log into before issuing the compile and
     build commands.  If this variable is empty, the command will be run
     on the local machine.

‘run_cmd’ [default: ‘"./${main}"’]
     Command used to run the application.

‘src_dir’ [default: ‘"."’]
     A list of directories to search for source files, both for compile
     commands and source navigation.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Compiling Examples,  Next: Moving Through Ada Code,  Prev: Project files,  Up: Top

6 Compiling Examples
********************

We present several small projects, and walk thru the process of
compiling, linking, and running them.

   The first example illustrates more Ada mode features than the others;
you should work thru that example before doing the others.

   All of these examples assume you are using GNAT.

   The source for these examples is available on the Emacs Ada mode
website mentioned in *Note Installation::.

* Menu:

* No project files::            Just menus
* Set compiler options::        A basic Ada mode project file
* Set source search path::      Source in multiple directories
* Use GNAT project file::
* Use multiple GNAT project files::


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: No project files,  Next: Set compiler options,  Up: Compiling Examples

6.1 No project files
====================

This example uses no project files.

   First, create a directory ‘Example_1’, containing:

   ‘hello.adb’:

     with Ada.Text_IO;
     procedure Hello
     is begin
        Put_Line("Hello from hello.adb");
     end Hello;

   Yes, this is missing “use Ada.Text_IO;” - we want to demonstrate
compiler error handling.

   ‘hello_2.adb’:

     with Hello_Pkg;
     procedure Hello_2
     is begin
        Hello_Pkg.Say_Hello;
     end Hello_2;

   This file has no errors.

   ‘hello_pkg.ads’:

     package Hello_Pkg is
        procedure Say_Hello;
     end Hello_Pkg;

   This file has no errors.

   ‘hello_pkg.adb’:

     with Ada.Text_IO;
     package Hello_Pkg is
        procedure Say_Hello
        is begin
           Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Hello from hello_pkg.adb");
        end Say_Hello;
     end Hello_Pkg;

   Yes, this is missing the keyword ‘body’; another compiler error
example.

   In buffer ‘hello.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Check file’.  You should get a
‘*compilation*’ buffer containing something like (the directory paths
will be different):

     cd c:/Examples/Example_1/
     gnatmake -u -c -gnatc -g c:/Examples/Example_1/hello.adb -cargs -gnatq -gnatQ
     gcc -c -Ic:/Examples/Example_1/ -gnatc -g -gnatq -gnatQ -I- c:/Examples/Example_1/hello.adb
     hello.adb:4:04: "Put_Line" is not visible
     hello.adb:4:04: non-visible declaration at a-textio.ads:264
     hello.adb:4:04: non-visible declaration at a-textio.ads:260
     gnatmake: "c:/Examples/Example_1/hello.adb" compilation error

   If you have enabled font-lock, the lines with actual errors (starting
with ‘hello.adb’) are highlighted, with the file name in red.

   Now type ‘C-x `’ (on a PC keyboard, <`> is next to <1>).  Or you can
click the middle mouse button on the first error line.  The compilation
buffer scrolls to put the first error on the top line, and point is put
at the place of the error in the ‘hello.adb’ buffer.

   To fix the error, change the line to be

         Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("hello from hello.adb");

   Now invoke ‘Ada | Show main’; this displays ‘Ada mode main: hello’.

   Now (in buffer ‘hello.adb’), invoke ‘Ada | Build’.  You are prompted
to save the file (if you haven’t already).  Then the compilation buffer
is displayed again, containing:

     cd c:/Examples/Example_1/
     gnatmake -o hello hello -g -cargs -gnatq -gnatQ -bargs  -largs
     gcc -c -g -gnatq -gnatQ hello.adb
     gnatbind -x hello.ali
     gnatlink hello.ali -o hello.exe -g

   The compilation has succeeded without errors; ‘hello.exe’ now exists
in the same directory as ‘hello.adb’.

   Now invoke ‘Ada | Run’.  A ‘*run*’ buffer is displayed, containing

     Hello from hello.adb

     Process run finished

   That completes the first part of this example.

   Now we will compile a multi-file project.  Open the file
‘hello_2.adb’, and invoke ‘Ada | Set main and Build’.  This finds an
error in ‘hello_pkg.adb’:

     cd c:/Examples/Example_1/
     gnatmake -o hello_2 hello_2 -g -cargs -gnatq -gnatQ -bargs  -largs
     gcc -c -g -gnatq -gnatQ hello_pkg.adb
     hello_pkg.adb:2:08: keyword "body" expected here [see file name]
     gnatmake: "hello_pkg.adb" compilation error

   This demonstrates that gnatmake finds the files needed by the main
program.  However, it cannot find files in a different directory, unless
you use an Emacs Ada mode project file to specify the other directories;
*Note Set source search path::, or a GNAT project file; *note Use GNAT
project file::.

   Invoke ‘Ada | Show main’; this displays ‘Ada mode main: hello_2’.

   Move to the error with ‘C-x `’, and fix the error by adding ‘body’:

     package body Hello_Pkg is

   Now, while still in ‘hello_pkg.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Build’.  gnatmake
successfully builds ‘hello_2’.  This demonstrates that Emacs has
remembered the main file, in the project variable ‘main’, and used it
for the Build command.

   Finally, again while in ‘hello_pkg.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Run’.  The
‘*run*’ buffer displays ‘Hello from hello_pkg.adb’.

   One final point.  If you switch back to buffer ‘hello.adb’, and
invoke ‘Ada | Run’, ‘hello_2.exe’ will be run.  That is because ‘main’
is still set to ‘hello_2’, as you can see when you invoke ‘Ada | Project
| Edit’.

   There are three ways to change ‘main’:

  1. Invoke ‘Ada | Set main and Build’, which sets ‘main’ to the current
     file.

  2. Invoke ‘Ada | Project | Edit’, edit ‘main’, and click ‘[save]’

  3. Invoke ‘Ada | Project | Load’, and load a project file that
     specifies ‘main’


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Set compiler options,  Next: Set source search path,  Prev: No project files,  Up: Compiling Examples

6.2 Set compiler options
========================

This example illustrates using an Emacs Ada mode project file to set a
compiler option.

   If you have files from ‘Example_1’ open in Emacs, you should close
them so you don’t get confused.  Use menu ‘File | Close (current
buffer)’.

   In directory ‘Example_2’, create these files:

   ‘hello.adb’:

     with Ada.Text_IO;
     procedure Hello
     is begin
        Put_Line("Hello from hello.adb");
     end Hello;

   This is the same as ‘hello.adb’ from ‘Example_1’.  It has two errors;
missing “use Ada.Text_IO;”, and no space between ‘Put_Line’ and its
argument list.

   ‘hello.adp’:

     comp_opt=-gnatyt

   This tells the GNAT compiler to check for token spacing; in
particular, there must be a space preceding a parenthesis.

   In buffer ‘hello.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Project | Load...’, and select
‘Example_2/hello.adp’.

   Then, again in buffer ‘hello.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Set main and Build’.
You should get a ‘*compilation*’ buffer containing something like (the
directory paths will be different):

     cd c:/Examples/Example_2/
     gnatmake -o hello hello -g -cargs -gnatyt  -bargs  -largs
     gcc -c -g -gnatyt hello.adb
     hello.adb:4:04: "Put_Line" is not visible
     hello.adb:4:04: non-visible declaration at a-textio.ads:264
     hello.adb:4:04: non-visible declaration at a-textio.ads:260
     hello.adb:4:12: (style) space required
     gnatmake: "hello.adb" compilation error

   Compare this to the compiler output in *note No project files::; the
gnatmake option ‘-cargs -gnatq -gnatQ’ has been replaced by ‘-cargs
-gnaty’, and an additional error is reported in ‘hello.adb’ on line 4.
This shows that ‘hello.adp’ is being used to set the compiler options.

   Fixing the error, linking and running the code proceed as in *note No
project files::.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Set source search path,  Next: Use GNAT project file,  Prev: Set compiler options,  Up: Compiling Examples

6.3 Set source search path
==========================

In this example, we show how to deal with files in more than one
directory.  We start with the same code as in *note No project files::;
create those files (with the errors present)

   Create the directory ‘Example_3’, containing:

   ‘hello_pkg.ads’:

     package Hello_Pkg is
        procedure Say_Hello;
     end Hello_Pkg;

   ‘hello_pkg.adb’:

     with Ada.Text_IO;
     package Hello_Pkg is
        procedure Say_Hello
        is begin
           Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Hello from hello_pkg.adb");
        end Say_Hello;
     end Hello_Pkg;

   These are the same files from example 1; ‘hello_pkg.adb’ has an error
on line 2.

   In addition, create a directory ‘Example_3/Other’, containing these
files:

   ‘Other/hello_3.adb’:

     with Hello_Pkg;
     with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
     procedure Hello_3
     is begin
        Hello_Pkg.Say_Hello;
        Put_Line ("From hello_3");
     end Hello_3;

   There are no errors in this file.

   ‘Other/other.adp’:

     src_dir=..
     comp_opt=-I..

   Note that there must be no trailing spaces.

   In buffer ‘hello_3.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Project | Load...’, and select
‘Example_3/Other/other.adp’.

   Then, again in ‘hello_3.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Set main and Build’.  You
should get a ‘*compilation*’ buffer containing something like (the
directory paths will be different):

     cd c:/Examples/Example_3/Other/
     gnatmake -o hello_3 hello_3 -g -cargs -I.. -bargs  -largs
     gcc -c -g -I.. hello_3.adb
     gcc -c -I./ -g -I.. -I- C:\Examples\Example_3\hello_pkg.adb
     hello_pkg.adb:2:08: keyword "body" expected here [see file name]
     gnatmake: "C:\Examples\Example_3\hello_pkg.adb" compilation error

   Compare the ‘-cargs’ option to the compiler output in *note Set
compiler options::; this shows that ‘other.adp’ is being used to set the
compiler options.

   Move to the error with ‘C-x `’.  Ada mode searches the list of
directories given by ‘src_dir’ for the file mentioned in the compiler
error message.

   Fixing the error, linking and running the code proceed as in *note No
project files::.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Use GNAT project file,  Next: Use multiple GNAT project files,  Prev: Set source search path,  Up: Compiling Examples

6.4 Use GNAT project file
=========================

In this example, we show how to use a GNAT project file, with no Ada
mode project file.

   Create the directory ‘Example_4’, containing:

   ‘hello_pkg.ads’:

     package Hello_Pkg is
        procedure Say_Hello;
     end Hello_Pkg;

   ‘hello_pkg.adb’:

     with Ada.Text_IO;
     package Hello_Pkg is
        procedure Say_Hello
        is begin
           Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Hello from hello_pkg.adb");
        end Say_Hello;
     end Hello_Pkg;

   These are the same files from example 1; ‘hello_pkg.adb’ has an error
on line 2.

   In addition, create a directory ‘Example_4/Gnat_Project’, containing
these files:

   ‘Gnat_Project/hello_4.adb’:

     with Hello_Pkg;
     with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
     procedure Hello_4
     is begin
        Hello_Pkg.Say_Hello;
        Put_Line ("From hello_4");
     end Hello_4;

   There are no errors in this file.

   ‘Gnat_Project/hello_4.gpr’:

     Project Hello_4 is
        for Source_Dirs use (".", "..");
     end Hello_4;

   In buffer ‘hello_4.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Project | Load...’, and select
‘Example_4/Gnat_Project/hello_4.gpr’.

   Then, again in ‘hello_4.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Set main and Build’.  You
should get a ‘*compilation*’ buffer containing something like (the
directory paths will be different):

     cd c:/Examples/Example_4/Gnat_Project/
     gnatmake -o hello_4 hello_4 -Phello_4.gpr -cargs -gnatq -gnatQ -bargs  -largs
     gcc -c -g -gnatyt -gnatq -gnatQ -I- -gnatA c:\Examples\Example_4\Gnat_Project\hello_4.adb
     gcc -c -g -gnatyt -gnatq -gnatQ -I- -gnatA c:\Examples\Example_4\hello_pkg.adb
     hello_pkg.adb:2:08: keyword "body" expected here [see file name]
     gnatmake: "c:\examples\example_4\hello_pkg.adb" compilation error

   Compare the ‘gcc’ options to the compiler output in *note Set
compiler options::; this shows that ‘hello_4.gpr’ is being used to set
the compiler options.

   Fixing the error, linking and running the code proceed as in *note No
project files::.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Use multiple GNAT project files,  Prev: Use GNAT project file,  Up: Compiling Examples

6.5 Use multiple GNAT project files
===================================

In this example, we show how to use multiple GNAT project files,
specifying the GNAT project search path in an Ada mode project file.

   Create the directory ‘Example_4’ as specified in *note Use GNAT
project file::.

   Create the directory ‘Example_5’, containing:

   ‘hello_5.adb’:

     with Hello_Pkg;
     with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
     procedure Hello_5
     is begin
        Hello_Pkg.Say_Hello;
        Put_Line ("From hello_5");
     end Hello_5;

   There are no errors in this file.

   ‘hello_5.adp’:

     ada_project_path=../Example_4/Gnat_Project
     gpr_file=hello_5.gpr

   ‘hello_5.gpr’:

     with "hello_4";
     Project Hello_5 is
        for Source_Dirs use (".");
        package Compiler is
           for Default_Switches ("Ada") use ("-g", "-gnatyt");
        end Compiler;
     end Hello_5;

   In buffer ‘hello_5.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Project | Load...’, and select
‘Example_5/hello_5.adp’.

   Then, again in ‘hello_5.adb’, invoke ‘Ada | Set main and Build’.  You
should get a ‘*compilation*’ buffer containing something like (the
directory paths will be different):

     cd c:/Examples/Example_5/
     gnatmake -o hello_5 hello_5 -Phello_5.gpr -g -cargs -gnatq -gnatQ -bargs  -largs
     gcc -c -g -gnatyt -g -gnatq -gnatQ -I- -gnatA c:\Examples\Example_5\hello_5.adb
     gcc -c -g -gnatyt -g -gnatq -gnatQ -I- -gnatA c:\Examples\Example_4\hello_pkg.adb
     hello_pkg.adb:2:08: keyword "body" expected here [see file name]
     gnatmake: "c:\examples\example_4\hello_pkg.adb" compilation error

   Now type ‘C-x `’.  ‘Example_4/hello_pkg.adb’ is shown, demonstrating
that ‘hello_5.gpr’ and ‘hello_4.gpr’ are being used to set the
compilation search path.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Moving Through Ada Code,  Next: Identifier completion,  Prev: Compiling Examples,  Up: Top

7 Moving Through Ada Code
*************************

There are several easy to use commands to navigate through Ada code.
All these functions are available through the Ada menu, and you can also
use the following key bindings or the command names.  Some of these menu
entries are available only if the GNAT compiler is used, since the
implementation relies on the GNAT cross-referencing information.

‘M-C-e’
     Move to the next function/procedure/task, which ever comes next
     (‘ada-next-procedure’).
‘M-C-a’
     Move to previous function/procedure/task
     (‘ada-previous-procedure’).
‘M-x ada-next-package’
     Move to next package.
‘M-x ada-previous-package’
     Move to previous package.
‘C-c C-a’
     Move to matching start of ‘end’ (‘ada-move-to-start’).  If point is
     at the end of a subprogram, this command jumps to the corresponding
     ‘begin’ if the user option ‘ada-move-to-declaration’ is ‘nil’
     (default), otherwise it jumps to the subprogram declaration.
‘C-c C-e’
     Move point to end of current block (‘ada-move-to-end’).
‘C-c o’
     Switch between corresponding spec and body file
     (‘ff-find-other-file’).  If point is in a subprogram, position
     point on the corresponding declaration or body in the other file.
‘C-c c-d’
     Move from any reference to its declaration, for from a declaration
     to its body (for procedures, tasks, private and incomplete types).
‘C-c C-r’
     Runs the ‘gnatfind’ command to search for all references to the
     identifier surrounding point (‘ada-find-references’).  Use ‘C-x `’
     (‘next-error’) to visit each reference (as for compilation errors).

   If the ‘ada-xref-create-ali’ variable is non-‘nil’, Emacs will try to
run GNAT for you whenever cross-reference information is needed, and is
older than the current source file.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Identifier completion,  Next: Automatic Smart Indentation,  Prev: Moving Through Ada Code,  Up: Top

8 Identifier completion
***********************

Emacs and Ada mode provide two general ways for the completion of
identifiers.  This is an easy way to type faster: you just have to type
the first few letters of an identifiers, and then loop through all the
possible completions.

   The first method is general for Emacs.  It works by parsing all open
files for possible completions.

   For instance, if the words ‘my_identifier’, ‘my_subprogram’ are the
only words starting with ‘my’ in any of the opened files, then you will
have this scenario:

     You type:  myM-/
     Emacs inserts:  ‘my_identifier’
     If you press M-/ once again, Emacs replaces ‘my_identifier’ with
     ‘my_subprogram’.
     Pressing M-/ once more will bring you back to ‘my_identifier’.

   This is a very fast way to do completion, and the casing of words
will also be respected.

   The second method (‘C-<TAB>’) is specific to Ada mode and the GNAT
compiler.  Emacs will search the cross-information for possible
completions.

   The main advantage is that this completion is more accurate: only
existing identifier will be suggested.

   On the other hand, this completion is a little bit slower and
requires that you have compiled your file at least once since you
created that identifier.

‘C-<TAB>’
     Complete current identifier using cross-reference information.
‘M-/’
     Complete identifier using buffer information (not Ada-specific).


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Automatic Smart Indentation,  Next: Formatting Parameter Lists,  Prev: Identifier completion,  Up: Top

9 Automatic Smart Indentation
*****************************

Ada mode comes with a full set of rules for automatic indentation.  You
can also configure the indentation, via the following variables:

‘ada-broken-indent’ (default value: 2)
     Number of columns to indent the continuation of a broken line.

‘ada-indent’ (default value: 3)
     Number of columns for default indentation.

‘ada-indent-record-rel-type’ (default value: 3)
     Indentation for ‘record’ relative to ‘type’ or ‘use’.

‘ada-indent-return’ (default value: 0)
     Indentation for ‘return’ relative to ‘function’ (if
     ‘ada-indent-return’ is greater than 0), or the open parenthesis (if
     ‘ada-indent-return’ is negative or 0).  Note that in the second
     case, when there is no open parenthesis, the indentation is done
     relative to ‘function’ with the value of ‘ada-broken-indent’.

‘ada-label-indent’ (default value: -4)
     Number of columns to indent a label.

‘ada-stmt-end-indent’ (default value: 0)
     Number of columns to indent a statement ‘end’ keyword on a separate
     line.

‘ada-when-indent’ (default value: 3)
     Indentation for ‘when’ relative to ‘exception’ or ‘case’.

‘ada-indent-is-separate’ (default value: t)
     Non-‘nil’ means indent ‘is separate’ or ‘is abstract’ if on a
     single line.

‘ada-indent-to-open-paren’ (default value: t)
     Non-‘nil’ means indent according to the innermost open parenthesis.

‘ada-indent-after-return’ (default value: t)
     Non-‘nil’ means that the current line will also be re-indented
     before inserting a newline, when you press <RET>.

   Most of the time, the indentation will be automatic, i.e., when you
press <RET>, the cursor will move to the correct column on the next
line.

   You can also indent single lines, or the current region, with <TAB>.

   Another mode of indentation exists that helps you to set up your
indentation scheme.  If you press ‘C-c <TAB>’, Ada mode will do the
following:

   • Reindent the current line, as <TAB> would do.
   • Temporarily move the cursor to a reference line, i.e., the line
     that was used to calculate the current indentation.
   • Display in the message window the name of the variable that
     provided the offset for the indentation.

   The exact indentation of the current line is the same as the one for
the reference line, plus an offset given by the variable.

‘<TAB>’
     Indent the current line or the current region.
‘C-M-\’
     Indent lines in the current region.
‘C-c <TAB>’
     Indent the current line and display the name of the variable used
     for indentation.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Formatting Parameter Lists,  Next: Automatic Casing,  Prev: Automatic Smart Indentation,  Up: Top

10 Formatting Parameter Lists
*****************************

‘C-c C-f’
     Format the parameter list (‘ada-format-paramlist’).

   This aligns the declarations on the colon (‘:’) separating argument
names and argument types, and aligns the ‘in’, ‘out’ and ‘in out’
keywords.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Automatic Casing,  Next: Statement Templates,  Prev: Formatting Parameter Lists,  Up: Top

11 Automatic Casing
*******************

Casing of identifiers, attributes and keywords is automatically
performed while typing when the variable ‘ada-auto-case’ is set.  Every
time you press a word separator, the previous word is automatically
cased.

   You can customize the automatic casing differently for keywords,
attributes and identifiers.  The relevant variables are the following:
‘ada-case-keyword’, ‘ada-case-attribute’ and ‘ada-case-identifier’.

   All these variables can have one of the following values:

‘downcase-word’
     The word will be lowercase.  For instance ‘My_vARIable’ is
     converted to ‘my_variable’.

‘upcase-word’
     The word will be uppercase.  For instance ‘My_vARIable’ is
     converted to ‘MY_VARIABLE’.

‘ada-capitalize-word’
     The first letter and each letter following an underscore (‘_’) are
     uppercase, others are lowercase.  For instance ‘My_vARIable’ is
     converted to ‘My_Variable’.

‘ada-loose-case-word’
     Characters after an underscore ‘_’ character are uppercase, others
     are not modified.  For instance ‘My_vARIable’ is converted to
     ‘My_VARIable’.

   Ada mode allows you to define exceptions to these rules, in a file
specified by the variable ‘ada-case-exception-file’ (default
‘~/.emacs_case_exceptions’).  Each line in this file specifies the
casing of one word or word fragment.  Comments may be included,
separated from the word by a space.

   If the word starts with an asterisk (‘*’), it defines the casing as a
word fragment (or “substring”); part of a word between two underscores
or word boundary.

   For example:

     DOD        Department of Defense
     *IO
     GNAT       The GNAT compiler from Ada Core Technologies

   The word fragment ‘*IO’ applies to any word containing “_io”;
‘Text_IO’, ‘Hardware_IO’, etc.

   There are two ways to add new items to this file: you can simply edit
it as you would edit any text file.  Or you can position point on the
word you want to add, and select menu ‘Ada | Edit | Create Case
Exception’, or press ‘C-c C-y’ (‘ada-create-case-exception’).  The word
will automatically be added to the current list of exceptions and to the
file.

   To define a word fragment case exception, select the word fragment,
then select menu ‘Ada | Edit | Create Case Exception Substring’.

   It is sometimes useful to have multiple exception files around (for
instance, one could be the standard Ada acronyms, the second some
company specific exceptions, and the last one some project specific
exceptions).  If you set up the variable ‘ada-case-exception-file’ as a
list of files, each of them will be parsed and used in your emacs
session.  However, when you save a new exception through the menu, as
described above, the new exception will be added to the first file in
the list.

‘C-c C-b’
     Adjust case in the whole buffer (‘ada-adjust-case-buffer’).
‘C-c C-y’
     Create a new entry in the exception dictionary, with the word under
     the cursor (‘ada-create-case-exception’)
‘C-c C-t’
     Rereads the exception dictionary from the file
     ‘ada-case-exception-file’ (‘ada-case-read-exceptions’).


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Statement Templates,  Next: Comment Handling,  Prev: Automatic Casing,  Up: Top

12 Statement Templates
**********************

Templates are defined for most Ada statements, using the Emacs
“skeleton” package.  They can be inserted in the buffer using the
following commands:

‘C-c t b’
     exception Block (‘ada-exception-block’).
‘C-c t c’
     case (‘ada-case’).
‘C-c t d’
     declare Block (‘ada-declare-block’).
‘C-c t e’
     else (‘ada-else’).
‘C-c t f’
     for Loop (‘ada-for-loop’).
‘C-c t h’
     Header (‘ada-header’).
‘C-c t i’
     if (‘ada-if’).
‘C-c t k’
     package Body (‘ada-package-body’).
‘C-c t l’
     loop (‘ada-loop’).
‘C-c p’
     subprogram body (‘ada-subprogram-body’).
‘C-c t t’
     task Body (‘ada-task-body’).
‘C-c t w’
     while Loop (‘ada-while’).
‘C-c t u’
     use (‘ada-use’).
‘C-c t x’
     exit (‘ada-exit’).
‘C-c t C-a’
     array (‘ada-array’).
‘C-c t C-e’
     elsif (‘ada-elsif’).
‘C-c t C-f’
     function Spec (‘ada-function-spec’).
‘C-c t C-k’
     package Spec (‘ada-package-spec’).
‘C-c t C-p’
     procedure Spec (‘ada-package-spec’.
‘C-c t C-r’
     record (‘ada-record’).
‘C-c t C-s’
     subtype (‘ada-subtype’).
‘C-c t C-t’
     task Spec (‘ada-task-spec’).
‘C-c t C-u’
     with (‘ada-with’).
‘C-c t C-v’
     private (‘ada-private’).
‘C-c t C-w’
     when (‘ada-when’).
‘C-c t C-x’
     exception (‘ada-exception’).
‘C-c t C-y’
     type (‘ada-type’).


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: Comment Handling,  Next: GNU Free Documentation License,  Prev: Statement Templates,  Up: Top

13 Comment Handling
*******************

By default, comment lines get indented like Ada code.  There are a few
additional functions to handle comments:

‘M-;’
     Start a comment in default column.
‘M-j’
     Continue comment on next line.
‘C-c ;’
     Comment the selected region (add ‘--’ at the beginning of lines).
‘C-c :’
     Uncomment the selected region
‘M-q’
     autofill the current comment.


File: ada-mode.info,  Node: GNU Free Documentation License,  Next: Index,  Prev: Comment Handling,  Up: Top

Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
*****************************************

                     Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

     Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     <https://fsf.org/>

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to
     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
     noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
     author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
     being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We
     recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
     be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
     “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”.  You accept
     the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
     requiring permission under copyright law.

     A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
     modifications and/or translated into another language.

     A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section
     of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
     publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall
     subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
     fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
     is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
     explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
     historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
     of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
     regarding them.

     The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose
     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
     notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
     If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
     is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may
     contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify
     any Invariant Sections then there are none.

     The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are
     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
     that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
     Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
     be at most 25 words.

     A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
     general public, that is suitable for revising the document
     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
     of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
     available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
     formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
     suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise
     Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
     been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
     readers is not Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if
     used for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not
     “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.

     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
     simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
     Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
     Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
     edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
     the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
     the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
     processors for output purposes only.

     The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title
     Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
     work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

     The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies
     of the Document to the public.

     A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document
     whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
     following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
     stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
     “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.)
     To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the
     Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according
     to this definition.

     The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
     which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
     Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
     this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
     implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
     has no effect on the meaning of this License.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
     conditions in section 3.

     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
     and you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

     If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
     have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
     the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
     enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
     these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
     front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
     equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material on the
     covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
     long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
     conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
     adjacent pages.

     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
     numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
     Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
     each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
     network-using public has access to download using public-standard
     network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
     of added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
     reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
     copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
     remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
     year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
     through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
     the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
     to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
     Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
     Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
     distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
     possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in
     the Modified Version:

       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
          versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
          History section of the Document).  You may use the same title
          as a previous version if the original publisher of that
          version gives permission.

       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
          entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
          the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
          principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
          authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
          from this requirement.

       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
          Modified Version, as the publisher.

       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
          adjacent to the other copyright notices.

       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
          the Addendum below.

       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s
          license notice.

       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

       I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title,
          and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
          Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled “History” in the
          Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
          publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
          an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
          previous sentence.

       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the
          “History” section.  You may omit a network location for a work
          that was published at least four years before the Document
          itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
          to gives permission.

       K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
          all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
          acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
          in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
          equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

       M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”.  Such a section
          may not be included in the Modified Version.

       N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
          “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant
          Section.

       O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
     some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
     titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s
     license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other
     section titles.

     You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
     been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
     a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
     the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage
     of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
     through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document
     already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
     by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
     behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
     one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
     the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
     of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
     their Warranty Disclaimers.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
     “History” in the various original documents, forming one section
     Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
     “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”.  You
     must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
     in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
     License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
     document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
     storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the
     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
     legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual
     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
     of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed
     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
     electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
     form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
     the whole aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
     include the original English version of this License and the
     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
     prevail.

     If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
     “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to
     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
     actual title.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
     otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
     and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

     However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
     license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
     provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
     finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
     copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
     reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

     Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
     reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
     violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
     received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
     that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
     after your receipt of the notice.

     Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
     the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
     under this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not
     permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
     same material does not give you any rights to use it.

  10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
     <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
     version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that specified version or of any later version that has been
     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the
     Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
     choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
     Software Foundation.  If the Document specifies that a proxy can
     decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
     proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
     authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

  11. RELICENSING

     “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any
     World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
     provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
     public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
     A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the
     site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
     site.

     “CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
     license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
     corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
     California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
     published by that same organization.

     “Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
     in part, as part of another Document.

     An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this
     License, and if all works that were first published under this
     License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
     incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
     texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
     to November 1, 2008.

     The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
     site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
     2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
       with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
       Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
       Free Documentation License''.

   If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:

         with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
         the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
         being LIST.

   If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.


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